Artist Palace Use It as a Personal Gallery and Family Home

Building or space for the exhibition of art

An art museum or fine art gallery is a building or space for the display of art, usually from the museum's own collection. It might be in public or individual ownership and may be accessible to all or have restrictions in place. Although primarily concerned with visual art, art museums are often used as a venue for other cultural exchanges and artistic activities, such every bit lectures, operation arts, music concerts, or verse readings. Art museums also frequently host themed temporary exhibitions, which frequently include items on loan from other collections.

Terminology [edit]

An institution dedicated to the display of art can exist chosen an art museum or an art gallery, and the 2 terms may be used interchangeably.^[ane] ^[2] ^[3] This is reflected in the names of institutions around the world, some of which are chosen galleries (east.g. the National Gallery and Neue Nationalgalerie), and some of which are called museums (e.grand. the Museum of Modernistic Art and National Museum of Western Art).

The phrase 'art gallery' tin can also exist used for businesses which display art for sale, but these are not fine art museums.^[ii]

History [edit]

Private collections [edit]

Throughout history, large and expensive works of art have generally been commissioned by religious institutions or political leaders and been displayed in temples, churches, and palaces. Although these collections of fine art were non open to the full general public, they were often fabricated available for viewing for a department of the public. In classical times, religious institutions began to function as an early class of art gallery. Wealthy Roman collectors of engraved gems (including Julius Caesar) and other precious objects oftentimes donated their collections to temples. It is unclear how easy it was in practice for the public to view these items.

In Europe, from the Late Medieval period onwards, areas in purple palaces, castles, and big country houses of the social elite were often fabricated partially accessible to sections of the public, where art collections could be viewed. At the Palace of Versailles, entrance was restricted to people of certain social classes, wearing the proper apparel – the appropriate accessories (silver shoe buckles and a sword) could be hired from shops outside. The treasuries of cathedrals and large churches, or parts of them, were oftentimes set out for public brandish and veneration. Many of the grander English language country houses could be toured past the respectable for a tip to the housekeeper, during the long periods when the family were not in residence.

Special arrangements were made to permit the public to encounter many royal or private collections placed in galleries, as with nearly of the paintings of the Orleans Drove, which were housed in a wing of the Palais-Regal in Paris and could be visited for almost of the 18th century. In Italy, the art tourism of the Grand Tour became a major industry from the 18th century onwards, and cities made efforts to make their central works accessible. The Capitoline Museums began in 1471 with a donation of classical sculpture to the city of Rome by the Papacy, while the Vatican Museums, whose collections are nonetheless owned by the Pope, trace their foundation to 1506, when the recently discovered Laocoön and His Sons was put on public display. A series of museums on different subjects were opened over subsequent centuries, and many of the buildings of the Vatican were purpose-congenital as galleries. An early royal treasury opened to the public was the Green Vault of the Kingdom of Saxony in the 1720s.

Privately funded museums open to the public began to be established from the 17th century onwards, often based around a collection of the chiffonier of curiosities type. The beginning such museum was the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, opened in 1683 to house and display the artefacts of Elias Ashmole that were given to Oxford University in a bequest.

Public museums [edit]

The Kunstmuseum Basel, through its lineage which extends back to the Amerbach Chiffonier, which included a collection of works by Hans Holbein the Younger and purchased by the city of Basel in 1661,^[iv] is considered to be the starting time museum of art open to the public in the world.

In the second half of the 18th century, many private collections of art were opened to the public, and during and after the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars, many royal collections were nationalized, fifty-fifty where the monarchy remained in place, as in Espana and Bavaria.

In 1753, the British Museum was established and the Old Royal Library collection of manuscripts was donated to it for public viewing. In 1777, a proposal to the British government was put forrad past MP John Wilkes to purchase the fine art drove of the late Sir Robert Walpole, who had clustered one of the greatest such collections in Europe, and house it in a specially congenital wing of the British Museum for public viewing. After much contend, the idea was eventually abandoned due to the not bad expense, and twenty years later, the collection was bought by Tsaritsa Catherine the Bang-up of Russia and housed in the State Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg.^[5]

The Bavarian purple collection (now in the Alte Pinakothek, Munich) was opened to the public in 1779 and the Medici drove in Florence around 1789^[6] (as the Uffizi Gallery). The opening of the Musée du Louvre during the French Revolution in 1793 every bit a public museum for much of the old French royal collection marked an important stage in the evolution of public access to fine art past transferring the ownership to a republican state; only it was a continuation of trends already well established.^[7] ^{[ full citation needed ]} The building now occupied by the Prado in Madrid was built earlier the French Revolution for the public brandish of parts of the royal art drove, and similar royal galleries were opened to the public in Vienna, Munich and other capitals. In Neat United kingdom, however, the corresponding Purple Collection remained in the private hands of the monarch, and the get-go purpose-built national art galleries were the Dulwich Picture show Gallery, founded in 1814 and the National Gallery, London opened to the public a decade afterward in 1824. Similarly, the National Gallery in Prague was not formed by opening an existing royal or princely art drove to the public, merely was created from scratch as a articulation project of some Czech aristocrats in 1796.

The Corcoran Gallery of Fine art is generally considered to accept been the outset art museum in the United states.^[viii] Information technology was originally housed in the Renwick Gallery, built in 1859. Now a part of the Smithsonian Institution, the Renwick houses William Wilson Corcoran's collection of American and European art. The building was designed by James Renwick, Jr. and finally completed in 1874.^[9] ^[10] It is located at 1661 Pennsylvania Avenue NW.^[11] Renwick designed information technology after the Louvre'southward Tuileries addition.^[12] At the fourth dimension of its construction, it was known equally "the American Louvre".^[xiii] ^[14]

University museums and galleries [edit]

University art museums and galleries found collections of art developed, owned, and maintained by all kinds of schools, community colleges, colleges, and universities. This phenomenon exists in the West and East, making it a global practice. Although easily disregarded, there are over 700 university art museums in the Usa alone. This number, compared to other kinds of art museums, makes university art museums perhaps the largest category of art museums in the country. While the first of these collections can be traced to learning collections developed in art academies in Western Europe, they are at present associated with and housed in centers of higher education of all types.

Galleries as a specific department in museums [edit]

The word gallery beingness originally an architectural term,^[15] the display rooms in museums are ofttimes called public galleries. Also frequently, a series of rooms dedicated to specific historic periods (e.1000. Ancient Arab republic of egypt) or other significant themed groupings of works (e.m. the collection of plaster casts as in the Ashmolean Museum) within a museum with a more varied collection are referred to every bit specific galleries, e.g. Egyptian Gallery or Cast Gallery.

Visual art not shown in a gallery [edit]

Works on newspaper, such equally drawings, pastels, watercolors, prints, and photographs are typically not permanently displayed for reasons of conservation. Instead, public admission to these materials is provided by a dedicated print room located within the museum. Murals or mosaics often remain where they take been created (in situ), although many have also been removed to galleries. Various forms of 20th-century art, such every bit land art and functioning fine art, also usually exist outside a gallery. Photographic records of these kinds of art are ofttimes shown in galleries, yet. Most museums and big art galleries own more works than they have room to display. The remainder are held in reserve collections, on or off-site.

Similar to an art gallery is the sculpture garden (or "sculpture park"), which presents sculpture in an outdoor space. Sculpture installation has grown in popularity, whereby sculptures are installed in open up spaces during temporary events like festivals.

Compages [edit]

Virtually larger paintings from about 1530 onwards were designed to be seen either in churches or (increasingly) palaces, and many buildings congenital every bit palaces now function successfully as art museums. Past the 18th century additions to palaces and country houses were sometimes intended specifically as galleries for viewing art, and designed with that in heed. The architectural grade of the entire edifice solely intended to exist an art gallery was arguably established by Sir John Soane with his pattern for the Dulwich Motion-picture show Gallery in 1817. This established the gallery equally a series of interconnected rooms with largely uninterrupted wall spaces for hanging pictures and indirect lighting from skylights or roof lanterns.

The late 19th century saw a smash in the building of public fine art galleries in Europe and America, becoming an essential cultural feature of larger cities. More art galleries rose upward aslope museums and public libraries as part of the municipal drive for literacy and public pedagogy.

In the centre and tardily twentieth century, earlier architectural styles employed for art museums (such as the Beaux-Arts style of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City or the Gothic and Renaissance Revival compages of Amsterdam's Rijksmuseum) succumbed to modern styles, such as Deconstructivism. Examples of this trend include the Guggenheim Museum in New York City past Frank Lloyd Wright, the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao past Frank Gehry, Centre Pompidou-Metz by Shigeru Ban, and the redesign of the San Francisco Museum of Mod Art by Mario Botta. Some critics^{[ which? ]} contend these galleries defeat their purposes because their dramatic interior spaces distract the eye from the paintings they are supposed to exhibit.

Cultural aspects [edit]

Museums are more than than merely mere 'fixed structures designed to house collections.' Their purpose is to shape identity and memory, cultural heritage, distilled narratives and treasured stories.^[16] Many art museums throughout history have been designed with a cultural purpose or been subject to political intervention. In particular, national fine art galleries accept been thought to incite feelings of nationalism. This has occurred in both autonomous and non-autonomous countries, although authoritarian regimes accept historically exercised more command over administration of fine art museums. Ludwig Justi was for example dismissed as director of the Alte Nationalgalerie (Former National Gallery) in Berlin in 1933 past the new Nazi regime for not existence politically suitable.^[17]

The question of the place of the art museum in its community has long been under debate. Some see art museums equally fundamentally elitist institutions, while others see them as institutions with the potential for societal education and uplift. John Cotton Dana, an American librarian and museum manager, besides every bit the founder of the Newark Museum, saw the traditional art museum every bit a useless public institution, 1 that focused more on fashion and conformity rather than education and uplift. Indeed, Dana's ideal museum would be one best suited for active and vigorous use past the average citizen, located near the center of their daily motility. In addition, Dana'southward formulation of the perfect museum included a wider variety of objects than the traditional art museum, including industrial tools and handicrafts that encourage imagination in areas traditionally considered mundane. This view of the fine art museum envisions it as one well-suited to an industrial earth, indeed enhancing it. Dana viewed paintings and sculptures as much less useful than industrial products, comparing the museum to a department shop. In addition, he encouraged the active lending-out of a museum's nerveless objects in order to enhance education at schools and to help in the cultural evolution of individual members of the customs. Finally, Dana saw branch museums throughout a urban center as a expert method of making certain that every citizen has access to its benefits. Dana's view of the ideal museum sought to invest a wider variety of people in it, and was cocky-consciously not elitist.^[18]

Since the 1970s, a number of political theorists and social commentators accept pointed to the political implications of art museums and social relations. Pierre Bourdieu, for instance, argued that in spite the apparent freedom of choice in the arts, people'due south creative preferences (such equally classical music, rock, traditional music) strongly tie in with their social position. So called cultural capital is a major factor in social mobility (for example, getting a college-paid, higher-status task). The argument states that certain art museums are aimed at perpetuating aristocratic and upper class ideals of gustation and excludes segments of society without the social opportunities to develop such interest. The fine arts thus perpetuate social inequality by creating divisions between different social groups. This argument too ties in with the Marxist theory of mystification and aristocracy civilization.^[19]

Furthermore, certain fine art galleries, such as the National Gallery in London and the Louvre in Paris are situated in buildings of considerable emotional impact. The Louvre in Paris is for case located in the former Royal Castle of the ancient regime, and is thus clearly designed with a political agenda. It has been argued that such buildings create feelings of subjugation and adds to the mystification of fine arts.^[20] Research suggests that the context in which an artwork is being presented has pregnant influence on its reception by the audience, and viewers shown artworks in a museum rated them more than highly than when displayed in a "laboratory" setting^[21]

Online museums [edit]

Museums with major web presences [edit]

Most art museums have only limited online collections, but a few museums, as well as some libraries and authorities agencies, have developed substantial online catalogues. Museums, libraries, and government agencies with substantial online collections include:

The British Museum has over 4,000,000 objects of all types bachelor online, of which 1,018,471 take 1 or more images (as of June 2019).^[22]
Library of Congress, prints (C19 on) and photographs collection (several meg entries).^[23]
Metropolitan Museum of Art has "406,000 hello-res images of public-domain works from the collection that can exist downloaded, shared, and remixed without brake".^[24]
Rijksmuseum has 399,189 objects available online, of which 153,309 have one or more than images.^[25]
National Portrait Gallery, with over 215,000 works, 150,000 of which are illustrated, including paintings, prints and photographic portraits.^[26]
MOMA (Museum of Mod Art), with holdings that include more than 150,000 private pieces in addition to approximately 22,000 films.
Boston Museum of Fine Arts, with over 330,000 works, most with images. Good for prints.
Fine Art Museums of San Francisco, with over 85,000 works.
Harvard Art Museums, with over 233,000 works online.^[27]
Louvre, with over lxxx,000 works in diverse databases, with a big number of images, too as another 140,000 drawings.^[28]
National Gallery of Art, with over 108,000 works catalogued, though with merely 6,000 images.^[29]
(in French) The Mona Lisa Database of French Museums – Joconde *(from the French Ministry of Civilisation)
Gallery Photoclass South korea Fine art Gallery – since 2002

Online art collections [edit]

There are a number of online fine art catalogues and galleries that have been developed independently of the back up of any private museum. Many of these, like American Art Gallery, are attempts to develop galleries of artwork that are encyclopedic or historical in focus, while others are commercial efforts to sell the work of contemporary artists.

A limited number of such sites have independent importance in the art globe. The large auction houses, such as Sotheby's, Bonhams, and Christie's, maintain large online databases of art which they accept auctioned or are auctioning. Bridgeman Art Library serves as a central source of reproductions of artwork, with access limited to museums, art dealers, and other professionals or professional organizations.

Folksonomy [edit]

In that location are too online galleries that have been developed by a collaboration of museums and galleries that are more interested with the categorization of art. They are interested in the potential utilise of folksonomy within museums and the requirements for post-processing of terms that have been gathered, both to test their utility and to deploy them in useful ways.

The steve.museum is one example of a site that is experimenting with this collaborative philosophy. The participating institutions include the Guggenheim Museum, the Cleveland Museum of Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the San Francisco Museum of Mod Art.

Museum lists [edit]

List of museums (major Wikipedia page, listing links to articles on many specific museums, worldwide, sorted past country)
Listing of most visited museums
Listing of most visited art museums
List of virtually visited museums by region
List of largest fine art museums in the globe

International and national lists [edit]

World: Earth Heritage Site (s) (per UNESCO)
Globe (modern art): Museums of mod fine art
Latin America: Museums in Latin America, on the website of the Latin American Network Information Eye (LANIC) of the Academy of Texas at Austin
U.s.: Category:Institutions accredited by the American Alliance of Museums, alphabetical list with links.
USA: Art MUSEUMS, ART CENTERS, and NON-Turn a profit Fine art ORGANIZATIONS web page, sorted past state, on the website Art Collecting.com.
United states of america: Museums page, list (with links) the national museums of the United States, in the "History, Arts, and Culture" subsection of the "Citizens" section of the U.Due south. federal government's general information website USA.gov

Local surface area lists [edit]

Major European cities [edit]

List of museums in Berlin
List of museums in London
Listing of museums in Paris
List of museums in Rome

North American local areas [edit]

Listing of museums in Washington, D.C., USA
List of museums in San Francisco, California, United states of america
List of museums in Los Angeles, California, The states
List of museums in Massachusetts, Us
Listing of museums in New York City, USA
List of museums in Toronto, Canada

Organizations [edit]

There are relatively few local/regional/national organizations dedicated specifically to art museums. Most art museums are associated with local/regional/national organizations for the Arts, Humanities or museums in general. Many of these organizations are listed as follows:

International and topical organizations [edit]

UNESCO – the United nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization—the leading global organization for the preservation and presentation of earth cultures and arts.
International Council of Museums
Association of Art Historians
Clan of Art Museum Curators
Association of Art Museum Directors
Independent Curators International
International Clan of Curators of Contemporary Fine art (IKT)
College Fine art Association (CAA)
Modest Museum Clan, an all-volunteer organization serving small museums in the mid-Atlantic region and beyond.
North American Reciprocal Museum Clan (NARM)
The Artists' Materials Centre: An practical inquiry arrangement at Carnegie Mellon University dedicated to helping museums, libraries, and archives better the means of caring for their collections.
International Middle for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Belongings (ICCROM): an intergovernmental organisation defended to the conservation of cultural heritage.
International Institute for Conservation of Celebrated and Artistic Works (IIC)

National organizations [edit]

Australia: Australian Museums and Galleries Clan
Canada: Canadian Fine art Museum Directors Organization (CAMDO)
Canada: Canadian Museums Association
Japan: Japan Clan of Art Museums (English linguistic communication page)
Japan: Japanese Association of Museums (English linguistic communication page)
USA: American Alliance of Museums, formerly the American Association of Museums
USA: American Federation of Arts
USA: National Fine art Teaching Association, and specifically their Museum Education Segmentation
United states of america: American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (AIC).
U.k.: The Museums Association (MA) is a professional membership organisation based in London for museum, gallery, and heritage professionals, museums, galleries and heritage organisations, and companies that work in the museum, gallery, and heritage sector of the United Kingdom. It as well offers international membership. Started in 1889, it is the oldest museum association in the world, and has over 5,000 individual members, 600 institutional members, and 250 corporate members.

Other organizations (for multiple museums) [edit]

Regional, provincial, and state museum organizations [edit]

Canada, Ontario: Ontario Museum Clan and Ontario Association of Fine art Galleries
USA, western states: Western Museums Association
USA, western states: Museums West Consortium, an association of xiii museums of the American Due west.
United states of america, western states: Western Association for Art Conservation (WAAC)
USA, CA (California): California Association of Museums
USA, FL (Florida): Florida Art Museum Directors Association—an affiliate of the Florida Clan of Museums

District, local and community museum organizations [edit]

USA, DC, Washington: Smithsonian Institution, the official national museum, and controlling organization for well-nigh major art and cultural museums in Washington, D.C., national museums with major fine art collections, as well as other national historic and cultural facilities nationwide. The Smithsonian too—directly or indirectly, and through traveling exhibits—coordinates some federal government support of museums (fine art and other), nationally. Also partners with many museums throughout the U.s., each designated as a "Smithsonian Affiliate" establishment.
USA, FL, Miami Miami Art Museums Alliance
Us, NM, Taos: Taos art colony
USA, NY, New York Metropolis: Art Museum Partnership
USA, NY, New York City: Museums Council of New York City
U.s., TX, Houston: Houston Museum Commune Association

References [edit]

^ "New guidance for reopening of museums, galleries and the heritage sector". GOV.Britain . Retrieved thirty August 2021.
^ ^a ^b "art gallery". dictionary.cambridge.org . Retrieved 30 August 2021.
^ "Definition of GALLERY". www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved xxx August 2021.
^ Dieffenbacher, Christoph. "Geschichte - Vom Geld und von der Kunst". St.Galler Tagblatt (in High german). Retrieved 3 May 2021.
^ Moore, Andrew (ii Oct 1996). "Sir Robert Walpole's pictures in Russia". Magazine Antiques. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2007.
^ "Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence". Retrieved 17 Dec 2012.
^ Taylor 1999, 29–30 harvnb mistake: no target: CITEREFTaylor1999 (help)
^ "Renwick Gallery". Smithsonian Establishment.
^ Yardley, William. "Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian American Art Museum". The Washington Mail. Archived from the original on 12 February 2011. Retrieved eighteen July 2013.
^ "Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian American Art Museum". Frommers. Retrieved eighteen July 2013.
^ Hours and Directions. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved ix September 2013.
^ Boyle, Katherine (xviii February 2013). "Renwick modeled it after the Louvre's Tuileries addition". The Washington Mail . Retrieved xviii July 2013.
^ "Renwick Gallery Review". Fodors. Retrieved eighteen July 2013.
^ "Smithsonian Plans Overhaul of D.C.'s Renwick Gallery". Associated Printing. 19 February 2013. Retrieved eighteen July 2013.
^ John Fleming/Hugh Award/Nikolaus Pevsner, Dictionary of Architecture, Penguin Books, 4th ed. 1991, s.v. Gallery.
^ Procter, Alice (2020). The Whole Picture: The colonial story of the art in our museums & why we need to talk about it. Cassell. pp. 9–18.
^ Peter-Klaus Schuster: Die Alte Nationalgalerie. DuMont, Köln 2003, ISBN 3-8321-7370-6.^{[ page needed ]}
^ John Cotton Dana, A program for a new museum, the kind of museum it will profit a city to maintain (1920)
^ P., Bourdieu, Distinction (1979), translated into English language by R., Squeamish (1984), ISBN 0-7100-9609-7. Especially chapter one "Aristochracy of Culture".
^ Le Palais-Royal des Orléans (1692–1793): Les travaux entrepris par le Régent at the Wayback Machine (archived 7 July 2007).
^ Susanne Grüner; Eva Specker & Helmut Leder (2019). "Effects of Context and Genuineness in the Feel of Art". Empirical Studies of the Arts. 37 (two): 138–152. doi:10.1177/0276237418822896. S2CID 150115587.
^ "British Museum collection database online". Britishmuseum.org. Retrieved 7 June 2019. ; "There are currently ii,335,338 records available, which stand for more than than 4,000,000 objects. 1,018,471 records have one or more images".
^ "Prints & Photographs Online Catalog". Library of Congress. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
^ MMA site, accessed vii June 2019
^ Search the collection, Rijksmuseum. Retrieved on 11 January 2014.
^ "People & Portraits – National Portrait Gallery". www.npg.org.uk.
^ website, 6 June 2019
^ "Databases | Louvre Museum". Louvre.fr. Archived from the original on seven October 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
^ "National Gallery of Fine art – The Collection". Nga.gov. Retrieved 16 June 2012.

Farther reading [edit]

Lindsay, David Alexander Edward (1911). "Museums of Art". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). pp. 60–64.
Saumarez Smith, Charles (2021). The art museum in modern times. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN978-0-500-02243-6. OCLC 1233310517.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_museum